IELTS Reading: India

Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma (Myanmar) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in thevicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India’s Andaman and Nicobar Islands share amaritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism and the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region’s diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

The Indian economy is the world’s seventh-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies; it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, inadequate public healthcare, and terrorism. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks ninth in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and a multi-ethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.

Vocabulary:

• populous : đông dân cư

=> A populous area has a lot of people living in it

• vicinity : vùng lân cận

=> in the area near a place

• maritime : hàng hải

=> relating to ships and sea travel

• subcontinent : Tiểu lục địa

=>a large area of land that is part of a continent, often referring to South Asia

• diverse : đa dạng

=> including many different types

• resistance : kháng cự

=> when people disagree with a change, idea, etc and refuse to accept it

• parity : tính chẳn lẻ, sự bình đẳng, tỉ suất ngang nhau

=> equality, usually relating to the money people earn or their position

• corruption : tham nhũng

=>dishonest or immoral behaviour, usually by people in positions of power

• malnutrition : suy dinh dưỡng

=>a serious illness caused by having too little food